Five Theories on the Origins of Language

Five Theories on the Origins of Language What was the main language? How did language start where and when? Up to this point, a reasonable etymologist would probably react to such inquiries with a shrug and a murmur. As Bernard Campbell states straight in Humankind Emerging (Allyn Bacon, 2005), We essentially don't have the foggiest idea, and never will, how or when language started. Its difficult to envision a social marvel that is a higher priority than the improvement of language. But no human quality offers less decisive proof with respect to its causes. The secret, says Christine Kenneally in her book The First Word, lies in the idea of the expressed word: For all its capacity to wound and tempt, discourse is our most vaporous creation; it is minimal more than air. It leaves the body as a progression of puffs and disseminates rapidly into the climate... There are no action words safeguarded in golden, no hardened things, and no ancient screeches always spread-eagled in the magma that shocked them. The nonappearance of such proof unquestionably hasnt disheartened theory about the inceptions of language. Throughout the hundreds of years, numerous hypotheses have been advanced and pretty much every one of them have been tested, limited, and frequently derided. Every hypothesis represents just a little piece of what we think about language. Here, recognized by their vilifying monikers, are five of the most established and most regular speculations of how language started. The Bow-Wow Theory As indicated by this hypothesis, language started when our progenitors began emulating the characteristic sounds around them. The main discourse was onomatopoeic-set apart by echoic words, for example, moo, howl, sprinkle, cuckoo, and bang.â Whats amiss with this theory?Relatively not many words are onomatopoeic, and these words change starting with one language then onto the next. For example, a mutts bark is heard as au in Brazil, ham in Albania, and wang, wang in China. Moreover, numerous onomatopoeic words are of ongoing starting point, and not all are gotten from normal sounds. The Ding-Dong Theory This hypothesis, supported by Plato and Pythagoras, keeps up that discourse emerged in light of the basic characteristics of articles in the earth. The first sounds individuals made were as far as anyone knows in congruity with their general surroundings. Whats amiss with this theory?Apart from some uncommon cases of sound imagery, theres no influential proof, in any language, of a natural association among sound and significance. The La-La Theory The Danish etymologist Otto Jespersen proposed that language may have created from sounds related with adoration, play, and (particularly) melody. Whats amiss with this theory?As David Crystal notes in How Language Works (Penguin, 2005), this hypothesis despite everything neglects to represent the hole between the enthusiastic and the objective parts of discourse articulation. The Pooh-Pooh Theory This hypothesis holds that discourse started with interpositions unconstrained cries of agony (Ouch!), shock (Oh!), and different feelings (Yabba dabba do!). Whats amiss with this theory?No language contains a lot of contributions, and, Crystal brings up, the snaps, admissions of breath, and different clamors which are utilized along these lines bear little relationship to the vowels and consonants found in phonology. The Yo-He-Ho Theory As per this hypothesis, language developed from the snorts, moans, and grunts evoked by substantial physical work. Whats amiss with this theory?Though this idea may represent a portion of the cadenced highlights of the language, it doesnt go extremely far in clarifying where words originate from. As Peter Farb says in Word Play: What Happens When People Talk (Vintage, 1993): Every one of these theories have genuine defects, and none can withstand the examination of present information about the structure of language and about the development of our species. Yet, does this imply all inquiries concerning the source of language are unanswerable? Not really. In the course of recent years, researchers from such assorted fields as hereditary qualities, human sciences, and subjective science have been locked in, as Kenneally says, in a cross-discipline, multidimensional fortune chase to discover how language started. It is, she says, the most difficult issue in science today. In a future article, well consider later hypotheses about the birthplaces and advancement of language-what William James called the most flawed and costly methods yet found for imparting an idea.

Man And The Echo Yeats Essay free essay sample

Yeats expresses the position he is in as being at the base of a pit, where the expansive moon never lit. This can be deciphered as Yeats thought of death, some place which is by all accounts encased and caught, where daylight can't reach. Yeats at that point depicts the pattern of yelling a mystery to a stone, a stone is related with something fixed and suffering, and is hence unfit to react, Yeats is contrasting the stone with the individuals of Ireland, whom are not tuning in to him. Yeats likewise presents passing as a moderate, however unavoidable procedure, as he expresses that he lies conscious after a long time after night. Yeats is tolerating that the procedure is happening, anyway the tone uncovers that Yeats is upset about the certainty of what is to come. This sonnet, written in 1938, was at the last phase of Yeats life, and hence was near his genuine demise. We will compose a custom exposition test on Man And The Echo Yeats Essay or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The sonnet is fundamentally the same as Broken Dreams wherein Yeats talks about the rotting magnificence of Maude, his dream. Yeats states there is ere in your hair, expressing the conspicuous impact that maturing has had on her. He likewise expresses your magnificence can yet leave among us, by utilizing the word us, Yeats is giving the peruser the impact that demise has on others, not simply the victim.This is utilized similarly that the moderate maturing of Yeats, has implied that nobody can hear him, or value his work any longer. Yeats investigates the progression of time, through being fairly distrustful, as he addresses his life and his impact on others. Yeats expresses all he has said and done has transformed into an inquiry. The procedure of progress has made Yeats totally question his duty and what he has accomplished, and how this has influenced others. A large number of the inquiries that Yeats pose to connection to Ireland at that point. His scrutinizing if that play of his, conveyed certain men the English shot? , this is an immediate reference toward the Easter Rising, which Yeats additionally investigated in Easter 1 916, in which he had a fairly skeptical perspective on the uprising. Yeats additionally questions the Marmot Rudders issue, as he inquires as to whether expressions of his put too extraordinary strain on that womans cerebrum. Yeats had recently taken part in an extramarital entanglements with Marmot, following which she become intellectually shaky. Yeats at that point addresses whether he made her ailment happen. The inquiries end as Yeats expresses that he will never find the solution right, in which the reverberation answers rests and die.Yeats idea of life has been switched, the progression of time has made him question everything. The utilization Of a mind-blowing setting likewise permits the peruser to comprehend that Yeats was considering whether the impact he had on individuals was totally terrible. This likewise connections to the reverberations utilize of rests and kick the bucket, the reverberation is as a rule rather negative and utilizing this as a goal. This recommends Yeats has no influence over what the reverberation says, and this could reflect how Yeats feels, what he can't control how his work or endeavors have been gotten by others.Yeats likewise investigates his conceivable everlasting status through his work, or his motivation on the planet. Yeats will not acknowledge the reverberations request, to just rests and bite the dust, conceivably on the grounds that he accepts t hat regardless of what one does, there is no discharge. He implies that to take the reverberations orders, is surrender. The break in the sonnet when the reverberations remark, would propose that it is broken, anyway it despite everything includes a feeling of progression because of the end rhymes of avoid and Fork.Therefore, Yeats doesn't break, as he accepts that if he somehow happened to surrender, at that point that is evade the otherworldly brains incredible work, which would then avoid it futile. Yeats is stating that he trusts one has a duty to not surrender. The utilization of incredible work, might be alluding to his composition, and his conviction that he expected to introduce his convictions to the general population, as it was his obligation as an essayist. Yeats portrays how others decide to seek after their lives during the time stanza.He depicts the allurements of life as being wine or love, and Yeats is by all accounts deriding the individuals who are tranquilized to rest by these things, yet how they keep on saying thanks to the Lord that they have their body and its ineptitude. Maybe, Yeats his recommending that he has driven his own life in an obviously better manner, and he has utilized his obligation in the public eye to help other people, perhaps proposing that he doesnt need to pass on. Mortality is to some degree pulverized towards the end, as Yeats starts to issues the condition of death, and his last decision of the change and time that has occurred.Yeats closes his continuous flow, trusting one sinks finally into the night. The utilization of sinking appears to recommend a quiet passing, which is upheld by finally, something that Yeats had been anticipating. This is upheld, by the moderate and controlled pace made by the meter of the sonnet. The scrutinizing is proceeded as he asks what the others know, aside from that they face each other in this spot, this spot perhaps alluding to paradise. Yeats is arriving at an amazing finish, ND is currently looking forward and is starting to attempt to discover what genuinely occurs.

Effects of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Impacts of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Dynamic Endeavor asset arranging (ERP) frameworks are the most yearning, advanced utilization of data innovation (IT) by organizations to date. Directors must think about the enormous ventures of assets and time to be focused on an ERP usage against the huge advantages that might be gotten from ERP frameworks in a domain in which conventional capital planning dynamic models may not be proper. The motivation behind this investigation is to decide whether ERP executions have realized huge changes on enormous enterprises in India, by addressing questions different examinations have not replied. This investigation is propelled both by an energy about the size of a companys choice to put resources into an ERP framework and by the way that other research to date contains impediments of degree or technique that may diminish the dependability of announced outcomes. Likewise, this investigation looks at progress components of ERP executions. The aftereffects of this examination are essentially more dependable than consequences of different investigations since this exploration analyzes whether the ERP frameworks yield considerable advantages to the organizations that embrace them, and that the selection dangers don't surpass the normal worth, in spite of the fact that there is some proof (from examination of monetary influence) that recommends that organizations do see ERP ventures to be dangerous. There likewise has all the earmarks of being an ideal degree of practical coordination in ERP with benefits declining at some level, steady with diseconomies of extension for extremely enormous usage, as one would regularly anticipate. Presentation 1.1 Background Data frameworks exist in many people groups working lives. It is presently commonly acknowledged that the data framework world is one where human, social and authoritative elements are as significant as the mechanical (Avison et al. 2001).The business condition is changing drastically and so as to remain serious in the market, associations must improve their strategic policies and strategies. Associations inside all divisions and capacities overhaul their ability to create and convey precise and opportune data. During the most recent decades, ventures have concentrated on Information Technology (IT) and executed different applications to computerize their business forms. These applications were not created in a planned manner yet have developed because of the most recent mechanical advancements. Subsequently different incorporation issues were caused in light of the fact that the applications couldn't co-work and unique IT arrangements couldn't tie together (Thermistocleous and Irani , 2000). Before the idea of ERP frameworks, offices inside an association (for instance, the (HR) office, the finance division, and the financials office) would have their own PC frameworks. The HR PC framework would ordinarily contain data on the division, revealing structure, and individual subtleties of workers. The finance office would regularly ascertain and store check data. The financials division would commonly store money related exchanges for the association. Every framework would need to depend on a lot of normal information to speak with one another. For the HRIS to send pay data to the finance framework, a representative number would should be doled out and stay static between the two frameworks to precisely distinguish a worker. The financials framework was not intrigued by the worker level information, however just in the payouts made by the finance frameworks, for example, the duty installments to different specialists, installments for representative advantages to suppliers, etc. This gave entanglements. For example, an individual couldn't be paid in the finance framework without a worker number. Be that as it may, later ERP programming, in addition to other things, consolidated the information of previously separate applications. This made the concern of keeping numbers in synchronization over numerous frameworks vanishes. It normalized and diminished the quantity of programming claims to fame required inside bigger associations (Slater, 1999). 1.2 Evolution of ERP The advancement of ERP frameworks was after the terrific improvements in the field of PC equipment and programming frameworks. In 1960s numerous associations structured, created and executed unified processing frameworks, which were practically similar to robotizing their stock control frameworks utilizing stock bundles (IC). These were heritage framework dependent on their programming dialects, for example, COBOL, ALGOL and FORTRAN. Material prerequisite arranging (MRP) frameworks were created in 1970s, which includes many arranging the item or parts necessities as indicated by the ace creation plan (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). Following this framework another product framework called fabricating asset arranging (MRP II) was presented in 1980s with an accentuation on improving assembling process by synchronizing the materials with creation necessities. Regions like shop floor and appropriation the executives, human asset, money, venture the board and designing goes under MRP II (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). ERP frameworks originally showed up in late 1980s and in the start of 1990s with the intensity of big business wide between utilitarian co-appointment and coordination. In view of the mechanical establishments of MRP and MRP II, ERP frameworks coordinate business forms including producing, bookkeeping, human asset, conveyance, money related, venture the executives, administration and support, transportation, availability, perceivability and consistency over the endeavor (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). During 1990s ERP sellers included more modules and capacities as added preferred position deeply modules bringing forth the ‘Extended ERP. These ERP expansions incorporate early arrangement and booking (APS), e-business arrangement, for example, costumer relationship the executives (CRM) and flexibly chain the board (SCM) (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). 1.3 About ERP frameworks During the 1990s, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks was presented as â€Å"integrated suites† that incorporated a wide scope of programming items supporting everyday business activities and dynamic. ERP serves numerous ventures and various utilitarian territories in a coordinated manner, endeavoring to computerize tasks from gracefully chain the board, stock control, fabricating booking and creation, deals support, client relationship the executives, monetary and cost bookkeeping, HR and practically some other information situated administration process. ERP frameworks have gotten progressively predominant in the course of the most recent 10 years. Venture asset arranging (ERP) frameworks are the most aggressive, complex utilization of data innovation (IT) by organizations to date. Supervisors must think about the huge ventures of assets and time to be focused on an ERP execution against the noteworthy advantages that might be gotten from ERP frameworks in a situat ion in which conventional capital planning dynamic models may not be suitable. The permit/support income of ERP showcase was $17.2 billion dollars in 1998, it is relied upon to be $24.3 billion dollars in 2000, and ERP frameworks have been executed in over 60% of global firms. This market additionally cuts across ventures for instance, two of the universes most popular programming organizations, IBM and Microsoft, presently run the vast majority of their business on programming neither of them makes, the SAP R/3 ERP bundle made by SAP AG (OLeary, 2000). The intrigue of the ERP frameworks is clear. While most associations ordinarily had programming frameworks that performed a great part of the segment elements of ERP, the normalized and coordinated ERP programming condition gives a level of interoperable that was troublesome and costly to accomplish with remain solitary, specially fabricated frameworks. For instance, when a salesman enters a request in the field, the exchange can quickly move through to other useful territories both inside and outer to the firm. The request may trigger a prompt change underway plans, stock levels or workers calendars, or lead to the mechanized age of solicitations and credit assessments for the client and buy orders from providers. Notwithstanding process robotization, the capacity of ERP frameworks to scatter opportune and exact data likewise empowers improved administrative and specialist dynamic. Directors can settle on choices dependent on current information, while singular laborers can have mor e prominent access to data, empowering expanding appointment of expert for creation choices just as improved interchanges to clients (OLeary, 2000). 1.4 Model layer of ERP A Global Business Process Model is made which speaks to the entire ERP programming item. This model is layered in 3 more profound levels. The main level is the System Configuration Level, which scopes on elevated level choice on the whole framework. Choice definition is in this manner static: when a significant level choice of the ERP framework is picked to be utilized inside the association, the decision can't be made changed. One level further is the Object Level, which scopes on single information objects. The choice on this level is progressively unique. The most minimal level is the Occurrence level, which investigations single procedure events. Since this level expounds on object parameters, the alternative is extremely powerful, implying that choices can without much of a stretch be adjusted (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006). 1.5 Case study We deliberately study the efficiency and business execution impacts of ERP utilizing a one of a kind dataset on firms that have bought licenses for the SAP R/3 framework, the most generally received ERP bundle. Over the most recent 30 years, SAP has become the worldwide pioneer in business programming, serving in excess of 38,000 clients around the world, including associations of each size and type. En route, SAP has aggregated an extraordinary information base of best practices in excess of 25 businesses. The SAP custom of authority proceeds with another gen

Light Weight Material for Automobile Essay

General portion vehicle with light weight combinations and metal framework composites 1. 1 Analysis A car is a solitary greatest polluter, as discharges from a large number of vehicles include. As engine vehicles have been tremendous wellsprings of contamination for the world since the most recent hundred years, the significant vehicle organizations and market see benefit by acquainting some new advancements with lessen discharge and conveying best answers for clients. One of the significant purposes behind emanation is weight of the vehicle. As weight builds carbon outflow increments and eco-friendliness diminishes. Both similarly diminish client discernments. Present market fights to diminish carbon discharges and to satisfy client requests for profoundly eco-friendly vehicles. As the above articulation is top need in present market and coming future, metallic pieces of a general section vehicle will be supplanted by light weight combinations by coming decades. Anyway noteworthy cost difficulties are there for utilizing light weight materials from assembling procedure to end life cycle. Insightfully handling of this cost will be the way to advertise applications. 1. 2Strategic sense which assists with making light weighting vehicles Global warming, worldwide fuel costs and fuel requests are heading off to a basic circumstance, which makes human to think on the other hand. As more fuel utilizes, more CO2 produces. In the event that lion's share of vehicles made by prepares are supplanted by lightweight vehicles, it will lessen the worldwide fuel needs. As this activity makes generally excellent focal points to world, it will get a ton of co-activity from different businesses governments and political frameworks. Mechanically and financially there are a great deal of difficulties and things to be finished. Much R&D attempts to do. Directly from material determination, item configuration, process configuration, fabricating strategies, joining techniques all must be upgrade for set up associations. It is a major test. 1. 3 Initiatives taken to make light weighting vehicles To accomplish a light weight structures, without trading off unbending nature auto engineers have been looking into the supplanting of steel with plastics, aluminum and magnesium. Utilizing of cutting edge material for decreasing weight is the most economical approach to diminish vitality utilization and carbon outflows. It is discovered that; * For each 10% weight decrease in weight of a vehicle will result in 5% - 7% upgrades in eco-friendliness. * For each kilogram of weight decrease of a vehicle will bring about the decrease of carbon dioxide about 20kg. [1] 1. 4 Weight sparing and relative expense for light weight material Figure 1. 1 Relative material properties and cost [2]. Significant key variables while utilizing propelled light weight materials are manufacturability, cost and joining forms. In any case, as prerequisite is the mother of innovation, manufacturability of aluminum and its composite’s will get simpler and affordable by coming years. Diverse assembling methods are there to frame aluminum into wanted shape. 1. 5 Vehicle Case Study Super light Car Project: Figure 1. 2 Light weight materials, a vehicle contextual analysis [3] The goal of this task was to make an inventive thought by multi-material and light weight structure. This undertaking demonstrated that, BIW board structure weight can lessen by 30%, multi material assembling with decreased cost, recyclability and supportability of light weight materials. This undertaking was a benchmark execution by joined endeavor of numerous areas and seven vehicle makes (counting Volkswagen and Volvo), 10 providers, 10 R&D organizations and seven colleges. The last item was a blend of various materials and a wide scope of joining innovations. The figure 1. 2 shows the advantages, that Super Light Project accomplished.

William Caslon typeface analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William Caslon typeface examination - Term Paper Example The procedure of type establishing by William Caslon comprised four separate assignments. The principal stage in this complex advance was punch cutting which included cutting the identical representation of a character, letter or figure in help. This procedure was done on the finish of shank strengthened take that was later tempered. The second procedure underway of type involved pursuing which included ornamenting metal by instruments and a sledge created for indenting. Following this procedure was throwing which involved putting the framework in shape hand and therefore the chamber form was realigned to fit the elements of the cast character. The inevitable pieces were intended to be a three dimensional result of the character cast from the punch. The last activity comprised of dressing the sort which included sort press readiness, for example, severing the fly and recording off form distensions. It is of significance to take note of that the Caslon types represented usefulness, quality and nearness of neatness. Calson continued to cut a lot of non-Latin sorts, for example, Armenian, Coptic, Arabic, Greek and Hebrew. A portion of the eminent text styles by William Caslon incorporated the ; Big Caslon, Caslon Graphique, Caslon Old Face, ITC Caslon no. 224, ITC Founders Caslon, ITC Founder’s Caslon Ornaments. The textual styles structured by Caslon showed a demonstrating delicacy and a plan assortment that was not apparent in the Dutch sorts. One of the unmistakable contrasts between the Caslon types and Dutch sorts was repetitiveness. As a result, the Caslon types were less tedious contrasted with the Dutch sorts which were distinctively dull. To this end, the littler size Caslon letters when examined were not impeccable exclusively. In any case, their mass impact was pleasing. The Caslon Old style no. 471 is viewed as the metal form that is significantly identified with William Caslon’s firsts. Besides, the Caslon Old style Italics and Romans are delivered from the first

how im doing

how i’m doing tired, mostly there arent too many psets there arent too many extracurricular committments there arent too many  midterms there arent too many other, miscellaneous things to worry about but combine them together, and it feels like im drowning. hand foot mouth disease (what a terrible name) took me down for a week or two. its been going around, and now almost everyones heard of it. i got it especially bad, though hands and feet for a few days felt like someone was jabbing a needle into them every time i made contact with something. couldnt really even think about the work i had to do i was too busy thinking about how painful this was and how i wouldnt wish it on my worst enemy. missing out on two weeks of class at mit doesnt mean you get to catch up on the stuff you missed for two weeks. that workload you were keeping up with side by side, that workload that was just the right pace? its far ahead of you, now. to the point where you cant even see where it went. catching up seems impossible. skin started peeling from my hands and feet a few weeks ago. im going to have to deal with it for a few months. the internet says its an annoying part of the healing process. i just think my hands look atrocious. spent three whole days tackling the 6.009 lab, got it done in time, but that left me no time to give a good go at 6.006. i only managed to attempt about 60 of the 100 points by tuesday midnight. normally id be upset about that, but i didnt really care this time. today thursday todays going to be working on the 6.004 lab all day. ill have to forgo studying for the 24.902 midterm, also today. i dropped 18.100. felt good, actually. thinking about all the things i want to learn and all the ways i want to improve myself as a person but realizing i dont have enough hours in the day not enough energy not enough days in the week realizing im just tired all the time and wearing myself out. i need something to snap me out of this stupor. working in boston rather than some library on campus thats all-too-familiar has helped a bit. copley square is beautiful on a sunny day with clouds. i watched some boys toss a football on the green while eating a sandwich from the bon me food truck. i went to newbury comics and bought six volumes of one punch man because, well, why not. im choosing to spend more time psetting at sigep instead of next. i dont know whats with all this negative energy i feel whenever i try to be productive on campus. i cant really explain it. its weird. theres such an interesting hodgepodge of books on my desk that i feel compelled to share their titles with you. mob psycho 100, vol 1 (in korean) clrs all five hitchhiker novels in one large volume the kodansha kanji learners course genki 1 fun home korean vocab for foriegners a playbill of fun home. listened to an old playlist and reminisced about some good songs on there. Post Tagged #6.006 #6.009

War on Womens Reproductive Health - Free Essay Example

War on Womens Reproductive Health Is Planned Parenthood a helping hand to the community? Or are they money- hungry death clinics? Planned Parenthood is a non-profit organization that provides reproductive healthcare for people of all income. It is also one that performs abortions on the daily. This collection of articles provide different perspectives on Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood is a savior to millions of women but the defunding of it is rising. Are women in trouble? The title of the article is Planned Parenthood is not going anywhere and it presents a speech made by Barack Obama. President Obama talks about how thankful he is of Planned Parenthood and how it provides services to women in need. He stands for women getting to make their own decisions about their own health. Defunding this organization will cause women to lose affordable medical help. In this powerful speech Barack says, women should be able to decide when she wants a family(Obama). Nothing should be able to dictate what goes on with our own body. Women should have the right of choice. Near the end of his speech Barack introduces a woman named Courtney in which contracted a disease that can leave her infertile. You didnt just help her plan for a family; you made sure she could start one. And today, shes got two beautiful kids. Thats what Planned Parenthood is about(Obama). Planned Parenthood is not just about the right to abort, its way more than that. Its about keeping the community healthy and helping people in need. Congress Should End Federal Funding to Planned Parenthood and Redirect It Toward Other Health Care Options is an article by Lisa Torre and she introduces the negatives on funding Planned Parenthood such as: the selling of fetal tissue and being the leading abortion provider. Planned Parenthood is an organization that does perform abortions for women who do not want to conceive. There are some accusations on them selling fetal tissue without the mothers consent. Lisa says, The recently released videos allegedly show Planned Parenthood executives haggling over the price of organs from aborted unborn children and casually discussing performing abortions in ways that would better preserve baby body parts for sale.(Torre). This is illegal if true, but a video can always be manipulated and misunderstood. Lisa also talks about Planned parenthood being Americas leading abortion provider. This can definitely cause issues with pro-life enthusiasts and is against Christian customs. Lisa overall presents Planned Parenthood as a mischievous, abortion-loving organization that should be defunded. Protect Womens Health is an article by the editors of Scientific America and they talk about how abortion is the smallest part of Planned Parenthood. This organization helps women create families, continue their careers, and stay healthy. In the article it states the actual percentage of how much Planned Parenthood spends on abortion, For some people, Planned Par enthood has come to symbolize abortion, which it has provided since 1970. But in all the rhetoric, facts have sometimes gone missing. For instance, Senator Jon Kyl of Arizona declared last year on the floor of the Senate that abortion accounts for ?well over 90 percent of what Planned Parenthood does. The actual figure is 3 percent. (Planned Parenthood clinics perform one in four abortions in the U.S. but use no federal funds for this practice.) To some abortion opponents, that 3 percent is reason enough to gut the organization.(Scientific America). For an organization that practices abortion, this is definitely the only subject that pro-life activists can focus on. It blinds people from the other heavy benefits of Planned Parenthood. They help women stay healthy by providing checkups and cancer screenings. They help create families and the best thing is that this is affordable to low-income families that would have trouble getting help elsewhere. Unplanned Parenthood is an article on Christianity Today by Sarah Zylstra. It is about Planned Parenthood being a money grubbing organization that assists sex traffickers. According the Sarah,The $1 billion-a-year or said in its most recent annual report that it performed 329,445 abortions in 2010. $487 million, 46 percent of its revenue. Came from government health service grants and reimbursements. The organization cannot legally use taxpayer dollars for an abortion.(Zylstra 17). There was an incident when pro-lifers disguised themselves as pimps and prostitutes and would receive help from Planned Parenthood (Zylstra 18). These employees apparently knew that they were helping sex traffickers and did not report it (Zylstra 18). This taints the face of this very helpful organization. If this is true then there is definitely some corruption in the organization and faults like this can lead to the fall of womens health. A lot issues are rising to the surface and many pro-lifers are trying to use these accusations to fully bring Planned Parenthood to the ground. According to Lisa, Employee scandals, government deficits, and budget-cutting lawmakers have provided a rare opportunity for pro-life groups to advocate for defunding Planned Parenthood. Further investigation is needed to bring the truth to the light. This defunding of this organization could further puncture womens health clinics and minimize what womens control of their own body. Planned Parenthood is a good organization and was started with a good purpose. The good is always outshadowed by the bad. In this case, because of this organization performing abortions, makes every pro life person forget all the benefits that Planned Parenthood brings to the table. Planned Parenthood is being looked at with a microscope and any small fault can lead to the end. Pro-life enthusiasts will do anything it takes to bring them down.Women should have the right to do what they want with their body. It is not the communitys, nor the pro-lifers, nor the Christians. Decisions should not be made for how women will care for their body. If this gets defunded, itll be stressful for women, especially low-income families. Everyone should be able to get the help they need to stay healthy and educated. Why take away what will possibly help you or your loved-ones? Works Cited By the Editors. Protect Womens Health. Scientific American, vol. 306, no. 6, June 2012, p. 12. EBSCOhost, dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=75206440site=ehost-live. Torre, Sarah. Congress Should End Federal Funding to Planned Parenthood and Redirect It Toward Other Health Care Options. The Heritage Foundation, 22 Sept. 2015, www.heritage.org/health-care-reform/report/congress-should-end-federal-funding-planned-parenthood-and-redirect-it. Planned Parenthood Is Not Going Anywhere. Vital Speeches of the Day, vol. 79, no. 6, June 2013, pp. 190â€Å"191. EBSCOhost, dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=89447551site=ehost-live. Zylstra, Sarah Eekhoff. Un-Planned Parenthood. Christianity Today, vol. 56, no. 2, Feb. 2012, pp. 17â€Å"19. EBSCOhost, dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=truedb =a9hAN=71248392site=ehost-live.

Obscure Place In The The Giver - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 670 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Giver Essay Did you like this example? Imagine a place where there is colorlessness, no choice; a place where there is only uniformity and dullness. The author has created such an obscure place in the The Giver. We do not know the exact location or time period, however since it is fiction we usually think of it as being set some time in the future where everyone accommodates to the rules. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Obscure Place In The The Giver" essay for you Create order The residents have no connection with their ancestors or any memories at all. There are only two people who have access to this; one is the Giver and the other is the Receiver of Memory. These are the main characters in the story. The Giver is an old man that gives his memories to the Receiver, Jonas, a twelve year old boy. When Jonas receives memories, he learns about negative things like war, hate, and pain. He also gains memories of good things like colors, love, and joy. In the novel, the author portrays many benefits and drawbacks of living in the society of The Giver. Some of the many benefits includes, everyone is treated the same, there are many career opportunities available and everyone is safe. The drawbacks are that the community releases people who do not fit in, there is no love, and people have no choice. The pros of sameness, and the purpose behind this philosophy, would be getting rid of the negative components in the world. To start off, we can look at physical similarities. Every citizen in the community has the perspective that everyone has the same skin color, eye color, and hair color. Realistically, this idea of sameness would eliminate racism and many other unfair advantages that people may have. Ultimately, the aspect of sameness can be beneficial to the community in various different ways. Also, another pro of living in the community would be that everyone has an equal chance at a career. Each individual receives the same amount of education, employment, and has an equal chance at a career that they would like to pursue. No one even has to think about what career they would like to pick because it is already chosen for them. A committee of elders carefully observes each child close to turning twelve and assigns them a job. The final benefit is that everyone is safe. No member of the community every has to worry about doing without or providing for their family. Everyone has food, shelter, and medical care. At one point in the novel, Jonas is punished for saying that he is starving. His community stresses the carefulness of language choice. Although he may have been hungry at the moment, he is reminded that he is not and nor will he ever be starving as long as he lives there. The first drawback of living in The Giver community is that the community releases people who do not fit in. An example is that a newborn is born a twin. Because two indistinguishable people would be too confusing for everyone, they killed one of them and claimed to release the newborn. The community also releases anyone who breaks three rules. The committee tries to hide that being releases also means that the person is killed. Another drawback is that there is no love. Parents only have mild affection for their children and do not truly love their kids. They are paired by the committee and there is no closeness or real concept of family. When Jonas receives memories of love, he wants to obtain it for himself. He later asks his parents if they love him, and they say that they enjoy being around him but scold him for his improper language. The final drawback is that people have no choice over many things. Choice is what makes life worth living. Yes, choice can cause pain and suffering, but it can also cause great joy as well. A world without choice can be very boring and dull. In the community, your job, spouse, children, and death date is chosen for you.

Free Online GED Testing and Resources

We do so much online today that it seems natural to expect to be able to take the GED test online, too. Can you? Nope. There was some confusion when, in 2014, the GED test became computer-based. You now take the GED test on a computer, but not online. Theres a very big difference between computer-based and online. You can find free practice GED tests online in several places, but when youre ready to sit down for the actual test, you need to take it at a certified testing center, in person. The good news is that they are all over America, even in the smallest communities, so chances are very good that there is one near you. Google Adult Education in your town or city, or look it up in the phone book, if you still have one. So what kinds of GED prep resources can you find online? Plenty! Online High Schools - Thumbs Up or Down? Many people choose to attend an online high school. Are they safe? Some are. Youll need to do some serious homework. Its especially important to be sure the school you choose is accredited. What does that mean? Learn why  accreditation is important  before you sign up for any online high school. Online Prep If you just want some help prepping, and arent interested in signing up for a school, there are plenty of places online that offer lessons and practice tests. We list several of them in this article, Free Online GED Practice Tests and Free GED Classes. Remember that most communities, whether small or huge, have literacy councils that offer free tutoring for adults and children in many, many subjects, including GED, English, math, reading, and pretty much anything you need help with. Ask. If you have trouble finding them, check with the local newspaper. Theyll be sure to know. Studying for Your GED at   Home Earning a GED can be embarrassing, so many people choose to study at home, and now that there are so many resources available on the Internet, studying at home is so much easier. We have some tips for you in this article, Ways to Study for Your GED/High School Equivalency Diploma at Home Scams There are a lot of scams out there, and the people running them are pretty heartless. Please do not fall for offers that claim you can take the GED test online. Theyre all scams. They want your money, lots of it, in exchange for a meaningless piece of paper. Dont think employers or schools will fall for these fake certificates. Theyre smarter than that. So you will have lost good money and gotten absolutely nothing in return. Earn your GED the right way and be proud of it. And remember, you must take your GED test at a certified testing center, in person. Find a center near you by going to your states GED website or to the GED Testing Service.

Personal Statement Of A Fitness App - 1511 Words

As of 2014 almost one third of all smartphone users in the U.S. used a fitness app in the past year and I am one of them (â€Å"Hacking Health†). Last year, I was gifted a Fitbit for Christmas from my father and I began to use it every day along with a calorie counting app called MyFitnessPal. My main goal was to lose weight, and I did. The combination between MyFitnessPal and Fitbit was perfect. I could log my activity with one and what I ate with the other. At my lowest, I had lost close to fifteen pounds and I felt great and looked fabulous in time for my senior prom. After that I felt I no longer needed the help from fitness apps, but as graduation came and went the weight slowly crept back on. Before I knew, it I had gained ten pounds†¦show more content†¦Fitness apps collect multiple different types of personal information and health data such as age, weight, height, body temperature, sleep cycles, activity levels, and so much more. According to Jessica Rich, th e director of the Federal Bureau for Consumer Protection at the Federal Trade Commission, â€Å"Health data from [a person’s] connected device, may be collected and then sold to data brokers and other companies [they] do not know exists† (Liebelson). Lots of popular companies such as Nike, Fitbit, and Garmin collect personal information in databases and use it within their own company to better their products. However, there has been talk that these companies have secretly been selling their data. University of Colorado law school professor, Scott Peppet adds, if not already â€Å"Fitbit will eventually move toward sharing this data† because it â€Å"is so high quality that I could do things like price insurance premiums or I could probably evaluate your credit score incredible accurately† (Liebelson). This should be terrifying to the average consumer because it means Fitbit could easily make top dollar for their health information and they wouldnâ€℠¢t even know about it till it was printed in an article in the New York Times. Not just Fitbit, but any major fitness corporation that has an app could sell information to other companies. Rich says, â€Å"these companies could use [their] information to market other products

Emergence of Television as a Mass Media - 2924 Words

â€Å"The emergence of television as a mass medium of communication was much more important in improving leisure opportunities for ordinary people. Than were any other 20th century developments in the media how far do you agree with this judgement as applied to the growth of leisure opportunities in Britain during the course of the 20th century as a whole?† Since the beginning of the twentieth century and before the media has been a principle tenant of British culture, the leisure time and expendable income of the British public has grown in unison with the media empire which facilitates it. I will analyse newspaper, radio, cinema, technology and television, which will be analysed last as to compare it to the other mediums of media in an†¦show more content†¦This new found upstanding attitude can be correlated with the new pursuits of the time, going to the cinema for example taking your money and leaving your parents to go and watch a movie with friends or even more new with a girl, back then this would be a leap into a new area of freedom. The radio was the first media, apart from newspapers, to reach the whole public. It started to reach the populous and soon became a major morale booster for the drear of World War Two. In the 60’s the BBC was challenged by the offshore radio stations like Radio Caroline who broadcast constant pop music , appealing to the younger generation who were not happy with the BBC’s drab shows. When these were made illegal this was even more attractive but the vibrations it caused made the BBC revamp it’s structure and start radio one for the young people, this clearly shows that radio was improving the leisure opportunities for ordinary people as they now had a bigger selection of music to listen to. Historians like Rix and Homes have shown the concerns that people had about radio and how it would affect other forms of media. They state â€Å"Radio, being a homebound entertainment offered a challenge to books as entertainment in their own territory, and also, relying hea vily on verbal communication, it was in one sense a direct equivalent of, and thereby a possible substitute for reading.† This easily shows how the radio could have affected the people who read, this was quashed though by theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Mass Media On The Media781 Words   |  4 Pages Effects of Mass Media Pauline Rewis HUM/186 October 19, 2015 Allyson Wells Effects of Mass Media In this day and age, most anyone can find out just about anything, on any subject, at any time with just a few clicks of a button. The act of gathering information used to be a much more tedious and physical endeavor. However, these days it can be done with ease thanks to the enormous developments in mass media distribution over the last century. The major mode of information distributionRead MoreHistory of Mass Media1150 Words   |  5 PagesHISTORY OF MASS MEDIA UNIT PLAN LECTURE AND TUTORIAL:- DAY : MONDAY TIME : 8.00 to 11.00 am ROOM : R4.2 OBJECTIVE To introduce students to the historical development of media, including books, newspapers, magazines, radio and TV broadcasting and cinema. Students will be able to trace the emergence of modern media institutions from their historical roots and discuss the impact of social and technological change. This will be ableRead MoreMass Media Milestone1700 Words   |  7 PagesMilestone in the history of mass media The first variation of a newspaper was published in Rome in 59 BC. It was a daily sheet that Julius Caesar ordered to be distributed all over the city. However, the first newspaper was printed in Beijing in 746 (Flanagin, 452). Also, a forty-two-page bible was published two years later after a German poet used a printing press to post a poem. This was a significant period that marked the beginning of mass media production. Mass media refers to a communicationRead MoreEssay about Mass Media1507 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss some of the concerns and anxieties aroused by the emergence of mass culture There has always been a definitive struggle to define culture as it is so complex and means something different to each individual. Culture affects all of us in different ways resulting in multiple definitions of culture. Culture had previously been seen as a way of improvement and growth, helping us to understand our place in society and guiding us towards a better understanding of ourselves. Over the previousRead MoreThe Effects Of Digital Media On Society s Media1714 Words   |  7 Pagesundeniable that the society is experiencing a mediated culture, where mass media have direct effects on our society. Newspapers, magazines, radios, and televisions constantly give out messages to promote products, attitudes, and ideas in an attempt to influence audiences. The effect is further enhanced when digital media, particularly the Internet, enters the competition for the limited supply of audience attention. The saturated mass media industry no longer has the benefit of reach it used to have, especiallyRead MoreMedia s Impact On Media Consumption Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesresources on the internet, 24 hours a day 7 days a week (XXXX). The rapid technological advancements has shifted the consumption of media from television, magazines and billboards to online digital media channels accessed via mobile devices, creating a ‘bedroom culture’ (Sumner, 2016) for many. The shift in media consumption has particularly been induced by the emergence of Social Networking Sites as well as other online platforms, which have become an integral part of our daily lives. SNS enable usersRead MoreInternet Impact on TV Synergy767 Words   |  4 PagesSynergy: The Television That Goes Above and Beyond Brian Holcomb Mark Ricci Intro to Mass Media March 27th, 2014 Brian Holcomb Mark Ricci Intro to Mass Media March 27th, 2014 Several years ago, the introduction of social media, like Twitter and Facebook, ultimately took society by its horns, creating the initial interaction between the ever growing internet phase, and the everlasting television access networks. These social networking sites are referenced all over television showsRead MoreThe And Dissemination Of Cultural Values, Ideologies, And Hierarchies832 Words   |  4 Pagesthe influence of industrialized media, the concept of shifting contexts, and a reference an attempt to identify the â€Å"word-concept† of â€Å"the people†. Like the construction, the dissemination of cultural values has a historiography filled with competing ideologies on semantics and time frames, but there is one important disseminator of cultural values that nearly every historian, theorist, and critic agrees is primarily essential: the media. Interpreted broadly, media refers to any host of disseminationRead More Media Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pages Violence in the Media Violence in the media has been a growing problem ever since the emergence of mass media. One wonders however, how violence has become so prominent in our culture, more so than other countries. More minors are being involved in heinous crimes such as murders and armed robberies. Even play on the school ground is getting rougher. There are many factors that play into the increasing violence, such as over population, religious struggles, and race. One factor thatRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind†. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect of that is the fact that the media are very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media are expected to be educational.

Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The pattern of safety in workplace has seen unbelievable progresss as clip has gone, due to advancement in engineering, although there is still considerable sum of challenges that comes in signifier of hurts and unwellnesss ( Hopwood and Thompson, 2006 ) . This is where biotechnologies comes to play a function in doing the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Biotechnologies draws on many subjects in its survey of worlds and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical technology, industrial technology, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychological science ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient state of affairss at work or in mundane life are avoided by taking history of the physical and physiological capablenesss and restrictions of worlds ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . Human wellness and safety is at optimal scope when the workplace environmental parametric quantities are suited for the employee ( Story, 2010 ) . Each twelvemonth, ill designed merchandises and workplaces account for 1000s of hurts and skyrocketing costs. That is why biotechnologies the human factor in merchandise and workplace design is fast going a major concern of makers ( Gross, 1995 ) . This study is about how is about using and proper preparation on the usage of biotechnologies to mundane workplace can forestall life endangering unwellnesss, uncomfortableness, accidents, and how employers can salvage money by cut downing costs related to issues like workers ‘ compensation, absenteeism and bend over, as it makes operations more efficient by making work topographic point designs with fewer mistakes and better on workplace user friendliness ( MacLeod, 1995 ) , with the end of cut downing musculoskeletal uncomfortableness, addition work productiveness, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfy is more productive ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to cognize what biotechnologies is all approximately and how it can be incorporated into the wellness and safety sector. The aims of this study are ; Reduce hazards factors associated with ill designed work Stationss and, To plan a workplace that is suited for the human organic structure instead than the human organic structure accommodating to workplace. To be able to place, step, control and supervise the occupational wellness hazards/agents in the workplace which may do ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Biotechnologies is the scientific discipline of suiting workplace conditions and occupation demands to the capablenesss of the working population, it tends to look into work related jobs that poses a hazard of musculoskeletal upsets and ways of relieving them ( Cohen et al, 1997 ) . It is besides the applied scientific discipline that is devoted to supply comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of points in the work topographic point ( Shelly and Vermaat, 2010 ) , ergonomic intercession can profit both employer and employee ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . The International Ergonomics Association defines biotechnologies as follows: Biotechnologies ( or human factors ) is the scientific subject concerned with the apprehension of interactions among worlds and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, rules, informations and methods to plan in order to optimise human wellbeing and overall system public presentation. A big figure of factors play a function in biotechnologies ; these include organic structure position and motion, environmental factors, information and operation every bit good as work organisation. Biotechnologies differs from other Fieldss by its interdisciplinary attack and applied nature ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . The benefits of biotechnologies include occupation satisfaction and enhanced worker motive, added problem-solving capablenesss, and greater credence of alteration. Involving staffs can assist to place occupation jeopardies, suggest ways to command these jeopardies and working with direction in make up one’s minding how to set this control in topographic point. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has equal cognition of the relation between worlds ‘ wellness and worlds ‘ public presentation ( Schlick, 2009 ) taking into consideration the occupation, equipment used and information used ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics ) . Harmonizing to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the governments ( statute law ) , developing establishments ( universities and colleges ) , research constitutions, the service industry ( consultancy ) and production sector ( occupational wellness services, forces sections, design sections, research sections, etc. ) , they besides wrote that the ergonomist highlights the countries where ergonomic cognition is indispensable, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises interior decorators, buyers, direction and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, male parent of occupational medical specialty, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients ‘ unwellnesss, he described violent and irregular gestures, dead set position and tonic strain on the musculus as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal strivings in his patients ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . However, in the United Kingdom, biotechnologies started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to look into industrial conditions, peculiarly of weaponries workers, this led to the constitution of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above subject in 1929 because of the expanded range of work ( hours of work, preparation, accidents, illuming and airing, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a little group of research workers at the Admiralty ; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the universe ( Meister, 1999 ) . 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The jurisprudence serves as a critical map in complex societal scene as it provides criterions or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behavior. A breach in this jurisprudence can be considered misdemeanor of the jurisprudence and the transgressor could confront civil or condemnable punishments the legal system of every governmental legal power and at every degree of organized society must invariably accommodate to altering demands, so at that place has and will be a go oning gush of commanding Torahs. It is for this ground that the legal system is based on constructs of human mistakes. Liability bar or extenuation is the turning away of mistake by probe, analysis, rating, hazard appraisal, disciplinary action, and preventative redresss. The chance of a scientist or applied scientist holding contact with jurisprudence is high, it is wise to go familiar with the country of web ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) , as there are a myriad of functions that can be played in province or federal common jurisprudence actions, workers ‘ compensation instances, allegations of statutory misdemeanors, arbitrations or mediations, authorities bureau hearings, or commendations affecting Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) , Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( Vinal, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974, which is statute law, it states that ; it is the responsibility of the employer to transport out a hazard appraisal in the work topographic point. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the jurisprudence and has its effects. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The cardinal end of human-centered technology is to fit human features such as organic structure size, strengths and failings, and capablenesss and penchants with the relevant properties of equipment, undertakings, and process ( Kroemer, 2006 ) . The different methods used in the appraisal of biotechnologies include ; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods ( Stanton et al. , 2005 ) All these methods make usage of the following techniques listed below ; Measurement squads Anthropometric techniques Measuring energetic capablenesss Measuring musculus strength Measuring mental work load Measuring vision capablenesss Systematic assemblage of information The ideal field appraisal tools used should possess the undermentioned properties ; Predictive: the tool should supply prognostic step of hazard of musculoskeletal hurt, Robust: can be used in any work state of affairs, Cheap: tool can be available at minimum pecuniary cost, Non-invasive: should non impact when worker performs or procedure work flow, Quick: appraisal could be performed rapidly, Easy to utilize: tool could be used with minimum preparation, ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) . 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the intent of this appraisal to be done, several protocols would hold to be met. The first thing that would be done is to acquire a work station that can be used to transport out an ergonomics appraisal, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to acquire permission to transport out the appraisal, the director approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in finishing the undertaking. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of mention in the consequences. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic hazard appraisal, measuring of the work station would be taken utilizing a measurement tape and images snapped for farther grounds of the work station for biotechnologies assessment. Ergonomics appraisal on the work station would be done on the footing of the under taking carried out. The undertaking carried out in the Help Desk in the LRC involves assisting pupils use the computing machine systems to turn up books in the library and assisting to set up books in shelves. For this ground, there is the demand to jump between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a program on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Biotechnologies Assessment Evaluation Hazard Validation Control and proctor Reappraisal Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodological analysis of the ergonomic appraisal. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The peculiar work station selected for this biotechnology was carefully observed for the different undertaking carried out to see if there is any job associated with the work topographic point. Anthropometric technique was used to transport out this work by acquiring measurings of the work topographic point. 4.1 Observation: The aid desk offered aid in transporting out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the manner work was done and inquiring inquiries from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, besides exposure were taken to besides acquire a clear image of how the employee carries out the undertaking. Fig 1: A Staff transporting out her responsibilities on a Ocular Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: jeopardy designation was obtained chiefly by inquiring inquiries from the employee on the work station, doing usage of a questionnaire and sing the work station for possible activities that may do wellness upset ( s ) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974 demands that the employer should do certain that employers carry out a hazard appraisal in the work environment to guarantee safety of staffs. See consequence in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the aid desk. Hazard Hazard facet Impact/ Effect Position Hunched position ( ensuing from weariness and long hours of working ) Stiffness of the dorsum, cervix, and carpus from working excessively long on the Visual Display Unit Assortment of wellness jobs, like caved shoulders, muscular instabilities, rounding of the upper dorsum and a inclination to tilt frontward while walking. Incidence of lower dorsum upsets. Motion Distortion of the waist, cervix, stretching the manus and retention in that place for a long clip ( striving musculuss in the manus ) Pain and strain on cervix musculuss and waist. Stress on musculuss of the weaponries while stretching causes weariness of the arm musculus. Ocular Display Unit ( VDU ) , keyboard and mouse. Fixed place of the cervix when staring at the VDU, and emphasis on fingers from excessively much typewriting, writhing and flexing of the carpus when managing the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some oculus defects that he/she was non cognizant of. Striving of the weaponries to make the mouse and distortion of the carpus to acquire to the keyboard and catching the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Biotechnologies appraisal on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate mark as it accommodates the employee and has a low hazard degree. Below is a tabular array of the entire ergonomic hazard factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions ( Siting ) 0 platinums 2 platinums 4 platinums v if 20 secs + X 3 if inactive Neck ( Flexion ) flexing caput frontward v v 6 Moderate Shoulders ( Raising cubituss ) v v 6 Moderate Wrists/Hands v v 6 Moderate Back ( flexure ) flexing frontward at the hips v v 12 High Hiking Shoulders v v 0 Low Writhing ( falsely with pess stationary ) v v 0 Low Table 3: Undertaking factor Evaluation Undertaking Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low v Moderate High 0 Vibration Low v Moderate High 0 Lighting Good v Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable v Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Hazard Factor sum on the work station. Risk Factor entire Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 platinums 2 platinums 4pts Work Positions 0 – 7 8 – 15 16 pts+ = 4 High ( 8-12 ) Undertaking factors 0 – 8 9 – 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate ( 4 – 7 ) Raising 0 – 7 8 – 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low ( 0 – 3 ) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Form Consequence Control 0-3 Low Little or no ailments of musculus achings and strivings Taking of short clip interruptions 4-7 Moderate Stress and weariness on musculuss which is tolerable Choice of an employee to supervise how undertakings are being carried out 8-12 High Work Musculoskeletal upset, inactive burden on musculuss leads to painful weariness on musculuss Decrease of work that can do musculoskeletal upset and preparation of staffs to go more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to musculoskeletal upsets. Below is a study on the work station used in the LRC, measured in centimeter. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measuring of the work station. The study above can be compared to the British criterion dimension to cognize if the mensural work station meets up with the criterion. Table 6: Work topographic point measuring compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension ( 5th – 95th Percentile ( assorted Population 19 – 65 year ) Popliteal tallness 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height ( Popliteal height + Siting Elbow tallness ) 72cm 68.5cm Siting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back remainder 48cm Hazard VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and reappraisal of the work station, and everything put in order, information and preparation of employees there may still be a job that can present as a menace to the work topographic point. This can be seen in workers habit ; sitting frontward on the chair, sitting in the center of the chair, tilting on arm remainder and back remainder, weaponries resting on the tabular array are some illustrations of employees habit, and this can ensue in intervertebral phonograph record hurts and back jobs as the musculuss of the dorsum are easy stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To command occupational wellness and safety hazards, betterment of public presentation and benefits in work topographic points in order to extinguish or minimise hazard to employees and other interested parties exposed to hazards associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, keep and continually better occupational wellness and safety in the work topographic point. The followers can be used to command and supervise ongoing activities and undertakings in the work topographic point ; Avoid Unnatural Position: flexing the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than flexing forward The on the job country should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand clasp, stuffs and tools should be arranged in such a manner that the most frequent motions are carried out with the cubituss set and near to the organic structure. Manipulations can be made easier by utilizing supports under the cubituss, forearms or custodies. Padded/soft warm stuffs that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is indispensable that the workplace should be suited to the organic structure size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural positions and motions are a necessary portion of efficient work. Neck and caput position: caput and cervix should non be dead set frontward by more than 30 grades when the bole is vertical, else weariness and problems may happen. 4.6 Reappraisal Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to place themselves whilst working, there is need to reexamine work pattern every three months to guarantee and implement that the manner of working is still in topographic point to avoid hurts that may hold built up with clip. 4.7 Recommendation After mensurating the work station and comparing with the British criterion measuring, it is recommended that the chair ( adjustable ) should be adjusted to suit the user so as to acquire the comfortability needed in order non to emphasize and strive musculuss in the dorsum and pess. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in topographic point to the comfort of the operator, to cut down tenseness and strain to the eyes, custodies and carpus Biotechnology POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS Policy: The intent of this policy is to endeavor staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work topographic point with the purpose of guaranting a safe working environment every bit good as to convey wellness jeopardy to a lower limit. It is the direction ‘s duty to transport out responsibilities under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other statute law including amendments to guarantee safe working patterns and work environment. For this ground, the aid desk shall stay to the undermentioned guidelines ; Biotechnologies attempts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the aid desk in Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) to guarantee a safe and healthy work topographic point environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in doing certain that ergonomic betterment is realised. ( Joint attempt of directors, supervisors, employees and other back uping staffs ) Appellation of station to a responsible employee to look into that workers are good positioned, to forestall Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about biotechnologies and its hazard factors can assist to cut down cost of intervention of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees ‘ benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a twelvemonth to guarantee that the wellness conditions of the employees are in order, to cut down money spent on handling employees for work related musculoskeletal upsets. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and preparations and in written signifier. 5.2 Decision After a thorough ergonomic scrutiny of the aid desk in the LRC, and measuring the working environment, proper biotechnologies rating was done and command steps put in Topographic point every bit good as a policy for the safety and wellness of the employees so as to cut down opportunities of the hazard of holding a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal upset. Control measures used after ergonomic appraisal and hazard proof was carried out is to assist in cut downing the opportunities of acquiring a work related musculoskeletal upset and cost of intervention from hurts sustained ( if any at all, sing the tolerable sum derived from the rating and opportunities of any hurt sustained, this is as a consequence of proper preparation of the staffs ) . How to cite Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Blindness In Oedipus The King Essay Example For Students

Blindness In Oedipus The King Essay Blindness plays a two-fold part in Sophocles tragedy Oedipus the King. First, Sophocles presents blindness as a physical disability affecting the auger Teiresias, and later Oedipus; but later, blindness comes to mean an inability to see the evil in ones actions and the consequences that ensue. The irony in this lies in the fact that Oedipus, while gifted with sight, is blind to himself, in contrast to Teiresias, blind physically, but able to see the evil to which Oedipus has fallen prey to. Tragically, as Oedipus gains the internal gift of sight, he discards his outward gift of sight. Sight, therefore, seems to be like good and evil, a person may only choose one.Teiresias, prophet of Phoebus, was stricken with blindness to the physical world, but, as a result, gained the gift of sight into the spiritual world. This great gift allowed him to become a superior prophet, praised by the people as god like and as a person in whom the truth lives. Therefore, it was no surprise that Oedipus asked the old prophet to come before the people to enlighten them as to who or what the cause of the plague decimating their country was. What Oedipus was not expecting, however, was that the sin he could not see himself was to blame for the judgement being poured out upon the country. The sin so hidden from Oedipus and the peoples eyes was quite visible to Teiresias. What Teiresias lacked in his ability to see the world, he made up for in being able to see a persons heart a skill that nearly cost him his life after a lengthy argument with Oedipus. Yet what distinguishes Teiresias from the others was his genuine concern for others a concern that he voiced before demolishing Oedipus in front of the growing crowd outside of the palace. For Teiresias, the choice was simple he chose to forego his disability and delve deeper into himself in order to find a sight that surpassed his physical limitations, a sight destined for good. Oedipus, on the other hand, was not given such an easy decision. While gifted with an outward sense of sight, he lacked the knowledge of his own sinful actions his hamartia, so to speak. Oedipus was seeing to others, but blind to himself. As he fled from Corinth, fearing a prophecy he received from an oracle, Oedipus showed complete blindness to the inevitability of his fate. The murder of his father, Laius, and the subsequent marriage to this mother, Jocasta, further elucidate the extent of Oedipus blindness; blind in deed, reason, and consequence. Tragically, Oedipus anagnorisis occurs simultaneously with his mothers/wifes suicide. With a heart full of despair and a pair of newly opened eyes, Oedipus makes his transformation complete as he exchanges his limited physical eyesight for the spiritual sight possessed by Teiresias. With this being done, Oedipus also seals his fate he no longer can serve evil, so his life must hange in order to serve his new master, good. The legendary Sphinx was the only character that successfully possessed and maintained both types of sight. He had the outward gift of sight, which he used in conjunction with his spiritual gift of sight to wreck havoc on the people of Thebes. The Sphinx noticed that the people, while outwardly seeing, were utterly blind to the problems right in front of them. His riddle was his attempt at helping them though in an unusual way- to shift the focus of their eyes from outward to inward. He balanced the power and responsibility of both types of sight. .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e , .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .postImageUrl , .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e , .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e:hover , .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e:visited , .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e:active { border:0!important; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e:active , .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue54c2c8388e5aec8da212c0e3c98147e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business ethics Essay Sophocles used this aspect of the Sphinx to prove that it is in fact possible to possess both types of sight, just not for humans. The only danger in having both types of sight was making sure that the Sphinx served good more than he served evil, a highly contested fact. In conclusion, the theme of sight dominated Sophocles tragedy Oedipus the King. The characters Teiresias, Oedipus, and the Sphinx were used to show the different types of sight physical, spiritual, and both. Overall though, Sophocles used sight as an extended metaphor, in which the prevailing form of sight showed his master good or evil, of which there can be only one.

Intranatal and Postnatal Period

Question: Discuss about the Intranatal and Postnatal Period. Answer: Introduction: In recent years, PND is a broad spectrum comprising of depression in antenatal, intra-natal and postnatal period affecting postnatal women throughout pregnancy to 12 months after delivery (APA, 2013). In Singapore, 80% of postnatal mothers have minor disorders- baby blues and 1 in 12 having PND (Mama, 2015). PND is serious but treatable. Yet, most of them dont seek help in Singapore because mental disorder is a great stigma and societal attitudes affect them in expressing their illness. Singhealth (2014) states that 10-15% of postnatal women experience PND in Singapore with 3-5% having moderate/severe depression. PND affects the health of mother, child and family. In 2016, SAMH states that 8% of new mothers develop PND in Singapore and medical professionals add that many of the PND remain undiagnosed. Even outside Singapore, New York Times published that 1 in 5 postnatal mothers experience depressive, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorder or in combinations. PND is a major health issue in the world as it negatively impacts a persons life. Post natal depression may lead to very serious health related problems in the world. It may cause an irreversible change in mother and children requiring prompt treatment. All these statistics indicates that research shows that research on PND is needed. Aim of the study Three aims have been developed by the researcher to examine the experiences of PND by Hong Kong- Chinese women. The goals of this study are clearly, specifically and concisely stated. They are easily achievable by adopting prompt research method. The study shows that they have evaluated the PND experience of postnatal women and stated that they were tired, confused, hopeless, helpless and loss of ability to control their emotions (APA, 2013). They have also observed absence of self-confidence and self-esteem with poor coping skills, low mood, inability to participate in baby care, suicidal thought, guilt, phantom crying, ambivalence on child (Collingwood, 2016) which suggests that their first goal is met. They have investigated the factors causing PND in mothers view as uncaring partners, strict in-laws, feelings of trapping into situation with suicidal, infanticide and homicidal thoughts and met their second goal. But they could have studied other related factors as transition to ne w parenthood, societal stressors and expectations by involving their partner and family (Habel, 2015). Their third objective of identifying the help-seeking behavior of postnatal women was met by identifying that most of the Chinese mothers are not expressing their experience of PND. They have also identified that they are not seeking help from medical personnels till their possibility of PND was assessed in screening tool. They got help from psychiatric physicians, nurses and family only after diagnosis. Research Method Basically a research methodology should be a systematic approach to solve the problems (Polit, 2016). The qualitative design used in the study involves linear progression of steps and has focused particularly on PND mothers. They have conducted the study based on the steps of phenomenological method. This study has used descriptive method which is indented to evaluate and describe PND that helps to accurately portray the characteristics of postnatal mothers with PND (Polit, 2016). They have selected only one PND clinic to avoid bias. They have selected appropriate samples of Hong Kong- Chinese postnatal mothers with PND by purposive sampling method to prevent probability in sampling. The sample size is inadequate. They have selected PND women with score more than 10 by using Edinburgh PND scale. They conducted interview with open-ended questions which helps to report directly by mothers. The data was collected by a single qualified nurse to maintain uniformity. The data analysis was performed by two persons which to avoid errors. Norhayati (2015) states that the use of structured questionnaire with interview gives best findings. It is evident from the study that the research design, approach, setting, population, sampling method, data analysis used are appropriate. Yet number of samples and data collection instruments could be better. Findings The findings suggest the sense of the research. They found that PND mothers will feel helpless, hopeless, guilty, ambivalence with phantom crying (APA, 2013). The study stated that the main factor that influenced PND is unsupportive partners and strict in-laws which have no clear evidence. It has studied about low economic status, educational and occupational factors. Yet, PND is caused by other factors as genetic inheritance, previous depressive disorders, unbearable stressors, stressful married life, drug, medicine or alcohol use, unwanted pregnancy, illegal child, support system and multiple births (Mazaheri, 2014, Walker, 2016). This study has not generalized the results as it doesnt involve other factors. Moreover it views only mothers aspect but not on partners/ familys aspect. A depressive person will often express that they are ill-treated by others and wanted to kill themselves, child or family. Though this finding may help them to identify the presence of depression and mot ivate them for help-seeking behavior, it doesnt give appropriate result. The study states that the Chinese mothers dont seek help from others due to the stigma which is common in Singapore (Mama, 2015). The findings help to create awareness about PND in mothers and promote help-seeking behavior. The researchers suggest that antenatal as well as postnatal visit is very important to diagnose PND that helps early treatment. They stated that psychotherapy as family therapy and individual and family counseling should be given to the mothers. It is evident that outreach and home based care should be given for unwilling mothers. Even tele-support, supportive groups and primary level education should be given at home environment. Further research This research is the base for future research. Nearly 50% of PND begins in antenatal period (OHara, 2013) and so studies should be conducted during antenatal period. Future studies are needed to generalize the result with larger population. Singapore resides people of various cultures which necessitates individual studies for those people. According to SAMH (2016), 10-20% of women 5-10% of men experience PND which necessities research in these aspects. There are only limited studies in Singapore and hence more studies are needed. The biological, socio-economical and environmental factors should be studied (Norhayati, 2015). The qualitative study based on partners and familys view should be conducted. Quantitative researches should be proposed by using psychotherapies for PND. Further study should be based on stages of depression with questionnaire and other depression measuring scales. Correlation studies should be carried out in all the settings and between immigrants and emigrants . Ethics Basically, a study should follow all the ethical principles. This study has met the principle of beneficence as it helps the undiagnosed postnatal mothers with PND to be diagnosed and help them to seek help from professionals, friends, brothers and sisters. According to the principle of nonmaleficence, the study should not give any harm (physical, emotional, social and financial harm) to the participant. This study may cause emotional harm with stress, anxiety and fear to the mothers (Polit, 2016). They must be handled with sensitivity as qualitative studies involve in-depth assessing of the personal aspects. In this study, mothers were protected from physical harm but not from emotional harm. To avoid this, the researcher should frame questions based on the individual psychological differences. But the questions framed in this study might endorse fear about their depression and harm the mother. It met principle of full disclosure by explaining the purposes of study and interviews an d got consent and also met principle of justice by assessing the mothers with common interview questions (Polit, 2016). They have maintained confidentiality and allowed the mothers to discontinue at any time (independence). Conclusion This research study gives an appropriate idea about the experiences of postnatal Chinese mothers on PND. It motivates to conduct further research in this aspect in Singapore and other countries. This research is well conducted, clearly stated and organized other than the drawbacks. They have followed all the ethical principles except few issues. Reference Collingwood, J. (2016). Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression:Psych Central. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/lib/risk-factors-for-postpartum-depression/ DSM- V. (2013). Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Episodes. Retrieved from American Psychiatry Association Habel, C. (2015). Causes of womens postpartum depression symptoms: Mens and womens perceptions: Midwifery Journal. 31 (7). doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.03.007 Mama. (2015). More than baby blues: Postpartum Depression in Singapore. Retrieved form https://www.sassymamasg.com/postpartum-depression-in-singapore-resources/ Mazaheri, M.A. (2014). Understanding the factors affecting the postpartum depression in the mothers of Isfahan city: J Educ Health Promot. 3: 65. doi:10.4103/2277-9531.134784 Norhayati. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: A literature review. Journal of Affective Disorders. Vol. 175. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.041. 3452 OHara, M.W. (2013). Postpartum depression: Current status and future directions. The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. vol. 9. 379-407. Polit, D.F Beck, C.T. (2016). Nursing Research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins: New Delhi. SAMH. (2016). Post natal depression: Singapore Association of Mental Health. Retrieved from https://sg.theasianparent.com/postnatal_depression_in_singapore/ Singhealth. (2014). Postnatal Depression. Retrieved from https://www.singhealth.com.sg/PatientCare/ConditionsAndTreatments/Pages/Postnatal-Depression.aspx Walker, M. (2016). New Baby Blues or Postpartum Depression?.Psych Central. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/lib/new-baby-blues-or-postpartum-depression/

Special Needs Parenting a Child with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome Essay Example

Special Needs: Parenting a Child with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome Paper Running head: SPECIAL NEEDS: PARENTING A CHILD Special Needs: Parenting a Child with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome San Jose State University Introduction Parents who have children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) should define their parenting technique more so than parents of neurotypical children. Children with ASD have many different needs. For example, an ASD child has great difficulties with their social skills; this deficiency causes them not to have meaningful social interactions. Their interests are narrow, and it dominates the childs life (Volkmar Klin, 2000, as cited in Sansosti Powell-Smith, 2006). Aspergers syndrome or high functioning autistic children are under a special category. The term AS that is used to describe a child with mildest to highest functioning autism disorder (Atwood, 1998, as cited in Sansosti Powell-Smith, 2006). It is very important that there should be a different approach when parenting and educating a child with AS. Coping with a child that has special needs is very different from a child that is neurotypical. Since 2001 there has been a significant rise with children that have been identified with AS. According to Hyman, Rodier, and Davidson (2001) they reported that the incidence rate for AS is as high as 63 per 10,000 children born. The children attending preschool are ranging from 8. 4 per 10,000 with AS (Chakrabarti Fombone, 2002 as cited in Sansosti Powell- Smith, 2006). The children ages 7 to 16 are 71 per 10,000 attending schools (Ehlers Gillberg, 1997 as cited in Sansosti Powell-Smith, 2006). This research paper addresses issues on how a family with an ASD child is impacted. The first issue that will be discussed is what problems parents experience when parenting a child with ASD. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Needs: Parenting a Child with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Special Needs: Parenting a Child with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Special Needs: Parenting a Child with High Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Next, what are the issues within the family unit? Finally, what are the coping strategies? How does the disability impact the family? How can they become a more resilient and healthy family and where do parents turn to for help? Problems with Parenting Parenting any child can create lots of stress, but parenting a child with AS is a very different experience. There are daily stresses from the day-to-day tasks of caring for the child. The way the parents socialize and communicate with everyone around them has altered, especially when it comes to relationships. The relationships that an AS child has with caregiver, peers, and educators are very different from that of a neurotypical child. They are very often misunderstood because they look normal but have these eccentric social behaviors (Sansosti Powell- Smith, 2006). According to Dunn, Burbine, Boweres, and Tantleff-Dunn (2001), parents of children with the ASD experience more stress and are more subject to negative outcomes than other parents with non-disabled children and parents of children with other disabilities. Parenting style and expectations change for the family when the child has a disability. The difficulty they face are the additional duties, that are needed for there child. The everyday challenges the parent faces; such as integrating the child successfully into the school environment, having playmates, and looking at the child for what he is and not for what he is not. The parents need to make sure that they can cope emotionally in order to be able to advocate for their child. These parents have to adjust to their childs disability, emotionally, socially, and economically. They way the parents view themselves in society, with their partner, friends, and educators are very different with a neurotypical child. Parents have to put up with judgmental statements from society in regards of their childs disability. Family Issues Cashin (2004) interviewed nine parents with a diagnoses of ASD or AS, with age ranging of four to nine years. The problems that these parents faced were profound changes to self, how others view them as a parent, having less social contact and experiencing stress by the amount of financial cost required to meet the needs of the child who has a disability. It was discovered that there is little time or energy to pursue a healthy relationship with a partner or friend. These parents experience more stress than those parents of children with other types of disabilities (Dunn, Burbine, Bowers, Tantleff-Dunn, 2001). These are some of the issues that parents have when dealing with a child that has ASD. Research (Thoits, 1995, as cited in Gray, 2003) on the issue of parents with high functioning autism or Aspergers syndrome shows how parents cope with their childs disability. The mother and the father each draws from different resources to cope with how they react toward their child. Furthermore, the research has shown that coping strategies varies for women and men. In this study the fathers took on a more traditional role when it came to rearing their child. Fathers are often concerned about not being a source of strength for the other mate. Fathers contemplate internally, personally and with their spouse when it comes to their childs disability. Children with special needs have a profound influence on their fathers lives. Many fathers described increased empathy, and patience. The fathers felt that they had to put their lives in better perspective. Fathers often report that working with their childs mother to meet the needs of the child, drawing from each others strengths and preferences. The mothers take on all the responsibilities when it comes to there daily needs. The mothers make sure that the childs daily needs are met socially, emotionally, and educationally. Mothers have the desire to talk it out with someone, especially their mate and be around other parents that are going through a similar situation. Gray (2003) states that even among dual income couples, women still do the housework and take care of the children. With the added special needs child it put more pressure and stress on the women. They are the ones that make and take the child to medical appointments, social class, and talk to the school officials when there is a need. Unfortunately, the women will give up their career in order to manage the family. At the same time they are starting a new career, to become a better advocate and how to gain more knowledge about their childs disability. This type of stress on the couple often ends in divorce. The divorce rates in these families are over 80% in the United States (Center for Disease Control, 2002, as cited in Sansosti Powell-Smith, 2006). T. Atwood (personal communication, October 14, 2006) it is not the childs disability that handicaps and disintegrates families; it is the way they react to it and to each other (Dickman Gordon, 1985 as cited by Atwood). Binger (2006) states those teaching and guiding children is perhaps the greatest concern that parents have and they want to do their best to teach behaviors, values and beliefs. Parents need to be assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. They should be more supportive rather than punitive (Eastin, Greenber, Hofschire, 2006). Limitations and areas for further investigation Cashin (2004) interviewed nine parents of children, in the age range of four to ten years with a diagnosis of Autistic Disorder or Aspergers Disorder. As it is common with lots of studies that involve voluntary sampling techniques, one can not be sure that these small samplings of nine parents being interviewed can represent all parents that are experiencing parenting a child with ASD or AS. However, Cashin did get great feedback from the nine interviews, an insight on how parents experience parenting a child with autism. A larger sample and different family structure such as different cultures, traditional vs. non-traditional couples, etc. , needs to be further investigated. Coping Strategies Pain (1999) conducted a study with 20 parents with children with disabilities ranging from physical to learning disabilities. His attempt was to study the role of information the parents received in order to be able to cope with their childs needs. His study found that, professionals are the one that are the common source for information for these parents. This information gave the family a better understanding in what they are dealing with and this helped them feel more in control. This control helped the parents successfully raise their special needs child. According to Ramey, DeLuca, Echols, (2003), to be resilient as a family one needs to understand that the family needs to establish active, healthy, and appropriate ways of meeting the needs of an exceptional child. It is important to make sure that everyone in the family has their needs met. It is essential to include the special needs child in a creative way. This will help balance the harmony within the family unit. There are many constructive actions the family can take right away, to help promote a healthy family unit. There are many sources of help, communication, and reassurance. Seek out other parents or support group that is dealing with the same disability. Communicate with anyone that is in contact with your child, such as caregivers, teachers, peers, and the community. Families that are resilient seek professional help, they embrace respite, they develop a support network and they advocate for their family. Conclusion It is important to establish what parenting style needs to be applied and the parent must have a firm understanding of the childs disability. The child with AS has great difficulties with there social skills. The lack of meaningful social interaction is the key indicator to parents that they should change their parenting and teaching techniques. Family issues; especially when it comes to the family unit will be different with an exceptional child. The problems parents have when dealing with a child that has special needs can be exhausting. The parenting style and family unit has been altered. Social relationships with spouse and friends have changed. Reaching out to local organization and other parents that have gone through this will help promote resilience. This paper examines how a parent needs to modify their parenting styles when it comes to having a child with high functioning autism or Aspergers syndrome. This paper is written in hope that it will help new families that just have started a new journey with their exceptional child, and also be useful to professionals who work with these families. There is more research needed when it comes to Aspergers syndrome or high functioning autistic children. Asperger syndrome is categorized under autism but it is under a special category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition. The study should look at the difference between autism and Aspergers syndrome and how the two compare. References Bigner, J. J. (2006). Parent-child relations: An introduction to parenting (7th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice-Hall Cashin, A. (2004). Painting the vortex: The existential structure of the experience of parenting a child with autism. International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 13 (3), 164- 174. Dunn, M. E. Burbine, T. , Bowers, C. A. , Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2001). Moderators of stress in parents of children with autism. Community Mental Health Journal, 37 (1), 39-52. Eastin, M. , Greenberg, B. , Hofschire, L. (2006). Parenting the internet. Journal of Communication, 56, 486-504. Gray, D. E. (2003). Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Social Science Medicine , 56 (3), 631-642. Hyman, S. L. , Rodier, P. M. , Davidson, P. (2001). Pervasive developmental disorders in young Children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 13 (24) 285- 305. Pain, H. (1999). Coping with a child with disabilities from the parents perspective: The function of information. Child: Care, Health and Development, 25 (4) 299-312. Sansosti, F. J. , Powell-Smith, K. A. (2006). Using social stories to improve the social behavior of children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 8 (1), 43-57. Ramey, S. L. , DeLuca, S. , Echols, K. (2003). Resilience in families with children who are exceptional. In E. H. Grotberg (Ed. ), Resilience for today: gaining strength from adversity (pp. 81-104). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Grenwood Publishing Group.